Longevity of composite restorations in posterior teeth placed by dental students: a 12-year retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the longevity of resin composite restorations placed in posterior teeth by dental students, using data from electronic records from 2008 to 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Demographic (gender and age) and clinical variables (dental group, position in dental arch, and the number of restored surfaces) were evaluated. The 5-year follow-up was assessed according to the day the restoration was placed. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to calculate the annual failure rate. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: In total, 3.883 records relative to return periodicity were analyzed. The final sample consisted of 900 restorations from 479 patients. The majority were females, aged between 31 and 60. In total, 256 failures were reported (success rate = 78%), showing an annual failure rate of 2.05%. The main reasons for failures were restoration replacement (55.5%), endodontics (21.9%), prosthetics (14.5%) and extraction (8.2%). There was a higher risk of failure in restorations involving three or more surfaces (p = 0.000) and in patients over 60 years (p < 0.001). In females (p = 0.030), molars (p = 0.044), and maxillary teeth (p = 0.038) failed in a shorter time. CONCLUSIONS: Resin composite restorations placed in permanent posterior teeth by dental students had high survival rates. The main reason for failure was the replacement of restorations. The age group and the number of restored surfaces significantly affected the success of the restorations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The electronic health records over 12 years showed that 78% of the resin restorations in posterior teeth placed by dental students were successful for a minimum of five years.

Phenotypic and genomic characterization of a non-pathogenic Epilithonimonas ginsengisoli isolated from diseased farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Chile.

Flavobacterial infection associated with diseased fish is caused by multiple bacterial species within the family Flavobacteriaceae. In the present study, the Chilean isolate FP99, from the gills of a diseased, farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), was characterized using phenotypic and genomic analyses. Additionally assessed was pathogenic activity. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed that isolate FP99 belonged to the genus Epilithonimonas, an average nucleotide identity value of 100% was detected with the Chilean isolate identified as Epilithonimonas sp. FP211-J200. In silico genome analysis, mechanisms for toxins production, and superantigens, adhesion, or other genes associated with virulence were not detected. However, genes encoding proteins for antibiotic resistance were found, including the chrA gene and the nucleotide sequence that encodes for multiple antibiotic resistance MarC proteins. Furthermore, the blaESP-1 gene (87.85% aminoacidic sequence identity), encoding an extended-spectrum subclass B3 metallo-ß-lactamase and conferring carbapenem-hydrolysing activity, and the tet(X) gene, which encodes a monooxygenase that catalyses the degradation of tetracycline-class antimicrobials were carried by this isolate. Phenotyping analyses also supported assignment as E. ginsengisoli. Challenge trials against healthy rainbow trout resulted in no observed pathogenic effect. Our findings identify for the first time the species E. ginsengisoli as associated with fish farming, suggesting that this isolate may be a component of the microbiota of the freshwater system. Notwithstanding, poor environmental conditions and any stressors associated with aquaculture situations or lesions caused by other pathogenic bacteria, such as F. psychrophilum, could favour the entry of E. ginsengisoli into rainbow trout.

Chronic pain after hospital discharge on patients hospitalized for COVID-19: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: There are few studies related to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the prevalence and nature of pain symptoms after hospital discharge, especially in individuals who develop moderate to severe disease forms. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of chronic pain in patients discharged after hospitalization for COVID-19, and the relationship between the presence of chronic pain and intensive care stay, demographics, and risk factors for the worst Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outcome. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on patients with COVID-19 who recovered after hospitalization. Patients were recruited at the least 3 months after discharge and their hospital's health files were prospected. The variables evaluated were demographics, the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection (considering the need for intensive care), and the presence of chronic pain. The results were shown in a descriptive manner, and multivariate analysis expressed as Odds Ratios (ORs) and respective Confidence Intervals (CIs) for the outcomes studied. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Of 242 individuals included, 77 (31.8%) reported chronic pain related to COVID-19, with no correlation with the severity of infection. Female sex and obesity were associated with a higher risk for chronic pain with ORs of 2.69 (Confidence Interval [95% CI 1.4 to 5.0]) and 3.02 (95% CI 1.5 to 5.9). The limbs were the most affected areas of the body. CONCLUSION: Chronic pain is common among COVID-19 survivors treated in hospital environments. Female sex and obesity are risk factors for its occurrence.

Transtornos do espectro autista: visão de discentes dos cursos de medicina e enfermagem de uma universidade pública / Autism spectrum disorders: students' view of medicine and nursing courses at a public university

Resumo O termo estigma é oriundo do grego, relacionado a identificação de pessoas através de marcação física. A literatura aponta quatro tipos de estigmas: púbico, institucional, autoestima e de cortesia. Pessoas com Transtornos do Espectro Autista são estigmatizadas em diversas culturas e sociedades. Este estudo descreve a visão sobre estigma em relação ao Transtorno do Espectro Autista entre estudantes dos cursos medicina e enfermagem. Estudo transversal, qualitativo, dados coletados por meio de dois grupos focais, um com estudantes de medicina, outro com enfermagem, de uma universidade pública, em Alagoas. Foi utilizado um roteiro com oito perguntas para discussão nos grupos focais. As falas foram gravadas, transcritas e analisadas no software IRAMUTEQ, embasada na análise de conteúdo. A Classificação Hierárquica Descendente apresentou cinco categorias relacionadas ao Transtorno, que foram: 1 - Abordagem da pessoa com o Transtorno; 2 - Vivência de Estigma; 3 - Segregação de Pessoas com Transtorno; 4 - Cuidado com a Pessoa com o Transtorno; e a Classe 5 - Desafios enfrentados pelas pessoas acometidas

Abstract The term stigma comes from Greek, being related to the identification of people through a physical mark, which can generate marginalization. The literature points out four types of stigmas: public, institutional, self-esteem, and courtesy. People with Autistic Spectrum Disorders are stigmatized in various cultures and societies. This study describes the view on stigma regarding Autistic Spectrum Disorder among undergraduate medical and nursing students. This is a cross-sectional study of a qualitative approach, whose data were collected through two focus groups, one with medical and another with nursing students, from a public university in Alagoas, Brazil. A script with eight questions for discussion in the focus groups was used. The speeches were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed with the IRAMUTEQ software, based on content analysis. The Descending Hierarchical Classification showed five categories related to the disorder, which were: 1 - Approach to the person with the disorder; 2 - Experience of Stigma; 3 - Segregation of People with Disorders; 4 - Care of the Person with the Disorder and Class; 5 - Challenges faced by the people affected.

Autism spectrum disorders: students' view of medicine and nursing courses at a public university. / Transtornos do espectro autista: visão de discentes dos cursos de medicina e enfermagem de uma universidade pública.

The term stigma comes from Greek, being related to the identification of people through a physical mark, which can generate marginalization. The literature points out four types of stigmas: public, institutional, self-esteem, and courtesy. People with Autistic Spectrum Disorders are stigmatized in various cultures and societies. This study describes the view on stigma regarding Autistic Spectrum Disorder among undergraduate medical and nursing students. This is a cross-sectional study of a qualitative approach, whose data were collected through two focus groups, one with medical and another with nursing students, from a public university in Alagoas, Brazil. A script with eight questions for discussion in the focus groups was used. The speeches were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed with the IRAMUTEQ software, based on content analysis. The Descending Hierarchical Classification showed five categories related to the disorder, which were: 1 - Approach to the person with the disorder; 2 - Experience of Stigma; 3 - Segregation of People with Disorders; 4 - Care of the Person with the Disorder and Class; 5 - Challenges faced by the people affected.

O termo estigma é oriundo do grego, relacionado a identificação de pessoas através de marcação física. A literatura aponta quatro tipos de estigmas: púbico, institucional, autoestima e de cortesia. Pessoas com Transtornos do Espectro Autista são estigmatizadas em diversas culturas e sociedades. Este estudo descreve a visão sobre estigma em relação ao Transtorno do Espectro Autista entre estudantes dos cursos medicina e enfermagem. Estudo transversal, qualitativo, dados coletados por meio de dois grupos focais, um com estudantes de medicina, outro com enfermagem, de uma universidade pública, em Alagoas. Foi utilizado um roteiro com oito perguntas para discussão nos grupos focais. As falas foram gravadas, transcritas e analisadas no software IRAMUTEQ, embasada na análise de conteúdo. A Classificação Hierárquica Descendente apresentou cinco categorias relacionadas ao Transtorno, que foram: 1 - Abordagem da pessoa com o Transtorno; 2 - Vivência de Estigma; 3 - Segregação de Pessoas com Transtorno; 4 - Cuidado com a Pessoa com o Transtorno; e a Classe 5 - Desafios enfrentados pelas pessoas acometidas.

First Report, Characterization and Pathogenicity of Vibrio chagasii Isolated from Diseased Reared Larvae of Chilean Scallop, Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819).

Two Vibrio strains (VPAP36 and VPAP40) were isolated from moribund-settled larvae of the Chilean scallop Argopecten purpuratus during vibriosis outbreaks that occurred in two commercial scallop larvae hatcheries located in the Inglesa and Tongoy bays in Northern Chile. The strains were identified as Vibrio chagasii using phenotypic characterization and whole genome sequence analysis. Both strains exhibited the phenotypic properties associated with virulence, gelatin hydrolysis and ß-hemolysis, whereas only VPAP36 produced phospholipase and only VPAP40 produced caseinase. The whole genome analysis showed that the strains harbored genes encoding for the virulence factors, the EPS type II secretion system, and Quorum Sensing (auto-inductor 1 and auto-inductor 2), whereas genes encoding a metalloproteinase and a capsular polysaccharide were detected only in the VPAP40 genome. When challenge bioassays using healthy 11-day-old scallop larvae were performed, the V. chagasii VPAP36 and VPAP40 strains exhibited significant (p < 0.05) differences in their larval lethal activity, producing, after 48 h, larval mortalities of 65.51 ± 4.40% and 28.56 ± 5.35%, respectively. Otherwise, the cell-free extracellular products of the VPAP36 and VPAP40 strains produced larval mortalities of 20.86 ± 2.40% and 18.37 ± 2.40%, respectively, after 48 h of exposure. This study reports for the first time the isolation of V. chagasii from the massive larval mortalities of the farmed scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) in Chile, and demonstrates the pathogenic activity of V. chagasii towards the Chilean scallop, the second most important species for Chilean mariculture.

A systematic review of evidence-based interventions for child and adolescent mental health problems in low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: Treatments for mental health problems in childhood and adolescence have advanced in the last 15 years. Despite advances in research, most of the evidence on effective interventions comes from high-income countries, while evidence is scarce in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 90% of world's children and adolescents live. The aim of this review was to identify evidence-based interventions tested in LMICs to treat or prevent child and adolescent mental health problems. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of seven major electronic databases, from January 2007 to July 2019. We included randomised or non-randomised clinical trials that evaluated interventions for children or adolescents aged 6 to 18 years living in LMICs and who had, or were at risk of developing, one or more mental health problems. Results were grouped according to the studied conditions. Due to the heterogeneity of conditions, interventions and outcomes, we performed a narrative synthesis. The review was registered at PROSPERO under the number CRD42019129376. FINDINGS: Of 127,466 references found through our search strategy, 107 studies were included in narrative synthesis after the eligibility verification processes. Nineteen different conditions and nine types of interventions were addressed by studies included in the review. Over 1/3 of studied interventions were superior to comparators, with psychoeducation and psychotherapy having the highest proportion of positive results. One-third of studies were classified as presenting low risk of bias. INTERPRETATION: This review shows that different interventions have been effective in LMICs and have the potential to close the mental health care gap among children and adolescents in low-resource settings.

Aquatic Environments as Hotspots of Transferable Low-Level Quinolone Resistance and Their Potential Contribution to High-Level Quinolone Resistance.

The disposal of antibiotics in the aquatic environment favors the selection of bacteria exhibiting antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Quinolones are bactericidal antimicrobials extensively used in both human and animal medicine. Some of the quinolone-resistance mechanisms are encoded by different bacterial genes, whereas others are the result of mutations in the enzymes on which those antibiotics act. The worldwide occurrence of quinolone resistance genes in aquatic environments has been widely reported, particularly in areas impacted by urban discharges. The most commonly reported quinolone resistance gene, qnr, encodes for the Qnr proteins that protect DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolone activity. It is important to note that low-level resistance usually constitutes the first step in the development of high-level resistance, because bacteria carrying these genes have an adaptive advantage compared to the highly susceptible bacterial population in environments with low concentrations of this antimicrobial group. In addition, these genes can act additively with chromosomal mutations in the sequences of the target proteins of quinolones leading to high-level quinolone resistance. The occurrence of qnr genes in aquatic environments is most probably caused by the release of bacteria carrying these genes through anthropogenic pollution and maintained by the selective activity of antimicrobial residues discharged into these environments. This increase in the levels of quinolone resistance has consequences both in clinical settings and the wider aquatic environment, where there is an increased exposure risk to the general population, representing a significant threat to the efficacy of quinolone-based human and animal therapies. In this review the potential role of aquatic environments as reservoirs of the qnr genes, their activity in reducing the susceptibility to various quinolones, and the possible ways these genes contribute to the acquisition and spread of high-level resistance to quinolones will be discussed.

Análise comparativa entre técnicas cirúrgicas de enxertia óssea em reabilitação de maxila atrófica: transplante celular odontológico (TCO) e técnica convencional de enxertia óssea ­ relato de caso clínico / Comparative analysis between surgical techniques of bone grafting in rehabilitation of atrophic maxilla: dental cell transplantation (OCT) and conventional bone grafting technique - a case report

A reabilitação de maxila atrófica se apresenta ainda nos dias de hoje como um desafio anatômico/fisiológico para os profissionais da área odontológica que visam buscar a instalação de implantes para futuras reabilitações protéticas, tendo em vista o grau de dificuldade de reconstituição do rebordo alveolar perdido. Com o intuito de reabilitar essas maxilas frente às adversidades, diferentes técnicas são propostas tais como enxertos ósseos autógenos, homógenos, substitutos ósseos alógenos, xenógenos e aloplásticos e suas respectivas técnicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um relato de caso clínico, no qual duas técnicas de reconstituição de rebordo alveolar de hemi-arco foram realizadas na mesma maxila utilizando biomaterial em bloco, visando comparar os resultados histológicos e clínicos. Após 5 meses da realização da enxertia, foi coletado material dos enxertos alveolares bilateralmente utilizando-se brocas trefinas para estudo histológico. Através da metodologia empregada, pode-se observar maior formação de estrutura óssea no lado em que foi praticada a metodologia transplantes celular odontológico (TCO), que preconiza a associação de sangue medular mandibular ao biomaterial, em relação a técnica contralateral em que utilizou a metodologia convencional, que preconiza a associação ao biomaterial do sangue periférico. Pode-se observar através da metodologia empregada que a utilização de biomateriais potencializados com sangue medular mandibular apresentou maior crescimento de estrutura óssea, incrementando em torno de 35% a mais na neoformação.de osso vital.

The rehabilitation of atrophic maxilla is still presented today as an anatomical/physiological challenge for professionals in the dental field who aim to seek the installation of implants for future prosthetic rehabilitations, in view of the degree of difficulty in reconstituting the lost alveolar ridge. In order to rehabilitate these jaws in the face of adversity, different techniques are proposed such as autogenous, homogenous bone grafts, allogeneic, xenogenous and alloplastic bone substitutes and their respective techniques. The aim of this study was to present a clinical case report, in which two hemi-arch alveolar ridge reconstruction techniques were performed in the same maxilla using biomaterial en bloc, in order to compare the histological and clinical results. After 5 months of grafting, material was collected from the alveolar grafts bilaterally using trephine burs for histological study. Through the used methodology, it was possible to see greater bone formation of structure on the side in which the dental cell transplantation (TCO) methodology was practiced, which advocates the association of mandibular medullary blood to the biomaterial, in relation to the contralateral technique in which the methodology was used conventional method, which advocates the association with peripheral blood biomaterial. It can be observed through the used methodology that the use of biomaterials potentiated with mandibular medullary blood showed greater growth of bone structure, increasing around 35% more in the neoformation of vital bone.

Red Cusk-Eel (Genypterus chilensis) Gut Microbiota Description of Wild and Aquaculture Specimens.

Chile has promoted the diversification of aquaculture and red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) is one of the prioritized species. However, many aspects of the biology of the species are unknown or have little information available. These include intestinal microbiota, an element that may play an important role in the nutrition and defense of cultured animals for meat production. This study compares the microbiota composition of the intestinal contents of wild and aquaculture fish to explore the microbial communities present and their potential contribution to the host. DNA was extracted from the intestinal content samples and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the Ion Torrent platform. After the examination of the sequences, strong differences were found in the composition at the level of phylum, being Firmicutes and Tenericutes the most abundant in aquaculture and wild condition, respectively. At the genus level, the Vagococcus (54%) and Mycoplasma (97%) were the most prevalent in the microbial community of aquaculture and wild condition, respectively. The evaluation of predicted metabolic pathways in these metagenomes showed that in wild condition there is an important presence of lipid metabolism belonging to the unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. In the aquaculture condition, the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides were relevant. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize and compare the intestinal microbiota of red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) of wild and aquaculture origin using high-throughput sequencing.

Efficacy of school-based interventions for mental health problems in children and adolescents in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Implementation of interventions to treat child and adolescent mental health problems in schools could help fill the mental health care gap in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Most of the evidence available come from systematic reviews on mental health prevention and promotion, and there is less evidence on treatment strategies that can be effectively delivered in schools. The aim of this review was to identify what school-based interventions have been tested to treat children and adolescents in LMICs, and how effective they are. Methods: We conducted a systematic review including seven electronic databases. The search was carried out in October 2022. We included randomised or non-randomised studies that evaluated school-based interventions for children or adolescents aged 6-18 years living in LMICs and who had, or were at risk of developing, one or more mental health problems. Results: We found 39 studies with 43 different pairwise comparisons, treatment for attention-deficit and hyperactivity (ADHD), anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Conduct disorder (CD). Pooled SMD were statistically significant and showed that, overall, interventions were superior to comparators for PTSD (SMD = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.37-0.86), not statistically significant for anxiety (SMD = 0.11; 95% CI = -0.13 to 0.36), ADHD (SMD = 0.36; 95% CI = -0.15 to 0.87), and for depression (SMD = 0.80; 95% CI = -0.47 to 2.07). For CD the sample size was very small, so the results are imprecise. Conclusion: A significant effect was found if we add up all interventions compared to control, suggesting that, overall, interventions delivered in the school environment are effective in reducing mental health problems among children and adolescents. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=129376], identifier [CRD42019129376].

The COVID-19 outbreak on dental practice in State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Brazil has become the epicenter of coronavirus disease, and the São Paulo State has the worst scenario. This study evaluated the effect of the COVID-19 in dentists of São Paulo State, Brazil. A self-administered web-based survey with 33 multiple-choice questions was sent to dentists. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the 302 valid responses. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, McNemar and Wilcoxon tests (α = 0.05). Most of the participants aged until 34 years (61.6%) and were female (74.5%). They reduced work to less than 20 h per week. Monthly remuneration was reduced (86.8%). Personal protective equipment at the office was changed (p < 0.05). A few dentists (7.6%) had COVID-19, and more than 99% were aware of the disease. Most of the participants (90.2%) were insecure about being contaminated. The dentists of São Paulo State had coronavirus knowledge and have adopted strict biosafety protocols, but the pandemic affected their financial and psychological features.

Suicidal ideation in mothers of asthmatic children and adolescents in a subspecialty outpatient practice / Ideação suicida em mães de crianças e adolescentes asmáticos em ambulatório especializado / Ideación suicida en madres de niños y adolescentes asmáticos en consulta externa de subespecialidad

We aimed to investigate prevalence and factors associated with Suicide ideation (SI) in mothers of asthmatic children. This cross-sectional study included 362 dyads of mothers and children with asthma aged 2 to 14 years who attended two pediatric outpatient clinics in Brazil. We assessed the presence of SI (Self-Report Questionnaire-20), the occurrence of stressful events and maternal social support. The prevalence of SI was 8.6%. Low maternal education, exposure to serious illness, and low perception of social support in its affective-social interaction dimension remained significantly associated with SI in the final model. Thus, life stressors, social support and low maternal education accounted for most of the variation in prevalence of maternal SI. There were no effects of child asthma severity on maternal SI in this study.

Nosso objetivo foi investigar a prevalência e os fatores associados à ideação suicida (IS) em mães de crianças asmáticas. Este estudo transversal incluiu 362 díades de mães e crianças com asma de 2 a 14 anos em dois ambulatórios pediátricos no Brasil. Avaliamos a presença de IS (Self-Report Questionnaire-20), a ocorrência de eventos estressantes e o suporte social materno. A prevalência de IS materna foi de 8,6%. Escolaridade materna inferior a oito anos, doença materna grave e a baixa percepção de suporte social em sua dimensão afetivo-social permaneceram significativamente associadas à IS no modelo final. Portanto, eventos estressores maternos, suporte social e baixa escolaridade materna foram os responsáveis pela maior parte da variação na prevalência de IS materna. Não houve efeitos da gravidade da asma infantil na IS materna neste estudo.

Este estudio investigo la prevalencia y los factores asociados com ideación suicida (IS) en madres de niños asmáticos. Participaron 362 díadas de madres y niños con asma de 2 a 14 años en dos clínicas pediátricas ambulatorias en Brasil. Evaluamos la presencia de IS (Self-Report Questionnaire-20), la ocurrencia de eventos estresantes y el apoyo social materno. La prevalencia de IS materno fue del 8,6%. La educación materna de menos de ocho años, la enfermedad materna grave y la baja percepción de apoyo social en su dimensión afectivo-social se mantuvieron significativamente asociadas con el SI en el modelo final. Entonces, los eventos de estrés materno, el apoyo social y la baja educación materna explicaron la mayor parte de la variación en la prevalencia materna de IS. No hubo efectos de la gravedad del asma infantil en el IS materno en este estudio.

Genetic Characterization of the Tetracycline-Resistance Gene tet(X) Carried by Two Epilithonimonas Strains Isolated from Farmed Diseased Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss in Chile.

The main objective of this study was to characterize the tet(X) genes, which encode a monooxygenase that catalyzes the degradation of tetracycline antibiotics, carried by the resistant strains FP105 and FP233-J200, using whole-genome sequencing analysis. The isolates were recovered from fin lesion and kidney samples of diseased rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, during two Flavobacteriosis outbreaks occurring in freshwater farms located in Southern Chile. The strains were identified as Epilithonimonas spp. by using biochemical tests and by genome comparison analysis using the PATRIC bioinformatics platform and exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oxytetracycline of 128 µg/mL. The tet(X) genes were located on small contigs of the FP105 and FP233-J200 genomes. The sequences obtained for the tet(X) genes and their genetic environment were compared with the genomes available in the GenBank database of strains of the Chryseobacterium clade belonging to the Flavobacterium family, isolated from fish and carrying the tet(X) gene. The Tet(X) proteins synthesized by the Chilean Epilithonimonas strains showed a high amino acid similarity (range from 84% to 100%), with the available sequences found in strains belonging to the genus Chryseobacterium and Flavobacterium isolated from fish. An identical neighborhood of tet(X) genes from both Chilean strains was observed. The genetic environment of tet(X) observed in the two strains of Epilithonimonas studied was characterized by the upstream location of a sequence encoding a hypothetical protein and a downstream located alpha/beta hydrolase-encoding gene, similar to the observed in some of the tet(X) genes carried by Chryseobacterium and Flavobacterium strains isolated from fish, but the produced proteins exhibited a low amino acid identity (25-27%) when compared to these synthesized by the Chilean strains. This study reports for the first time the carriage of the tet(X) gene by the Epilithonimonas genus and their detection in fish pathogenic bacteria isolated from farmed salmonids in Chile, thus limiting the use of therapies based on oxytetracycline, the antimicrobial most widely used in Chilean freshwater salmonid farming. This results suggest that pathogenic strains of the Chryseobacterium clade occurring in Chilean salmonid farms may serve as important reservoirs of tet(X) genes.

Whole-Genome sequencing and comparative genomics of Mycobacterium spp. from farmed Atlantic and coho salmon in Chile.

Several members of the Mycobacterium genus cause invasive infections in humans and animals. According to a recent phylogenetic analysis, some strains of Mycobacterium salmoniphilum (Msal), which are the main culprit in bacterial outbreaks in freshwater fish aquaculture, have been assigned to a separate branch containing Mycobacterium franklinii (Mfra), another species that causes infections in humans. However, this genus is little studied in an aquaculture context. Here, we isolated four Mycobacterium spp. strains from freshwater cultures of Atlantic and coho salmon in Chile and performed whole-genome sequencing for deep genomic characterization. In addition, we described the gross pathology and histopathology of the outbreaks. Several bioinformatic analyses were performed using the genomes of these four Mycobacterium isolates in conjunction with those of Msal strains, four Msal-like strains, and one Mfra strains, plus 17 other publicly available Mycobacterium genomes. We found that three isolates are clustered into the Msal branch, whereas one isolate clustered with the Mfra/Msal-like strains. We further evaluated the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes and observed that the four isolates were closely related to the Msal and Msal-like taxa and carried several antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes that are similar to those of other pathogenic members of the Mycobacterium clade. Altogether, our characterization Msal and Msal-like presented here shed new light on the basis of mycobacteriosis provides quantitative evidence that Mycobacterium strains are a potential risk for aquaculture asetiological agents of emerging diseases, and highlight their biological scopes in the aquaculture industry.

Effectiveness of a resistance exercise program for lower limbs in chronic renal patients on hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Physical inactivity in hemodialysis patients is associated with increased mortality. The objective of this study was evaluated the effect of an intradialytic resistance exercise program on chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on hemodialysis. METHODS: One hundred seven patients were included in the study. They were aged 18-60 years, of both sexes, had undergone hemodialysis treatment for at least 1 year, sedentary. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: stretching (STG) and resistance exercise (REG). Intervention programs were performed for 8 weeks, three times a week. The evaluations were performed before and after the training programs. The primary outcome was functional capacity using the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Secondary outcomes were peripheral muscle strength, respiratory muscle strength, spirometric respiratory function, and laboratory data. FINDINGS: Comparisons between groups revealed the following clinically relevant results in favor of REG: lower limb muscle strength (mean difference [MD] = -1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -2.77 to -1.21; d = -0.53), distance walked in the 6MWT (MD = -26.27, 95% CI = -45.40 to -7.14; d = -0.46), creatinine (MD = -1.52, 95% CI = -2.49 to -0.54; d = -0.66), and calcium (MD = -0.44, 95% CI = -0.78 to -0.10; d = -0.49). DISCUSSION: CKD patients on hemodialysis have reduced functional capacity compared to healthy sedentary individuals. In turn, this reduction appears to be associated with a lower survival rate and affects the performance of their daily living activities. Thus, resistance exercise performed in the intradialytic phase is an effective therapeutic strategy for CKD patients, mainly because it increases functional capacity and lower limb muscle strength.

Characterization of a Novel Variant of the Quinolone-Resistance Gene qnrB (qnrB89) Carried by a Multi-Drug Resistant Citrobacter gillenii Strain Isolated from Farmed Salmon in Chile.

The main objective of this study was to characterize using whole-genome sequencing analysis, a new variant of the qnrB gene (qnrB89) carried by a fluoroquinolone-susceptible bacterium isolated from mucus of farmed Salmo salar fingerling in Chile. Citrobacter gillenii FP75 was identified by using biochemical tests and 16S ribosomal gene analysis. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the qnrB89 gene exhibited an identity to qnrB of 81.24% and 91.59%, respectively. The genetic environment of qnrB89 was characterized by the upstream location of a sequence encoding for a protein containing a heavy metal-binding domain and a gene encoding for a N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase protein, whereas downstream to qnrB89 gene were detected the csp and cspG genes, encoding cold-shock proteins. The qnrB89 gene was located on a large chromosomal contig of the FP75 genome and was not associated with the 10-kb plasmid and class 1 integron harbored by the FP75 strain. This study reports for the first time the carriage of a qnrB gene by the C. gillenii species, and its detection in a bacterial strain isolated from farmed salmon in Chile.

First description outside Europe of the emergent pathogen Vibrio europaeus in shellfish aquaculture.

Vibrio europaeus is an emergent pathogen affecting the most important bivalve species reared in Spanish and French hatcheries. Using a genomic approach, we identified V. europaeus outside Europe for the first time from massive larval mortalities of scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) in Chile and from seawater near a shellfish hatchery in the US West Coast. Results show the worldwide spreading and potential impact of V. europaeus for aquaculture; these four countries are among the 10 major producers of mollusks. Pathogenicity of V. europaeus was demonstrated for the first time towards scallop, the second most important species for Chilean mariculture.

Maternal crack cocaine use in rats leads to depressive- and anxiety-like behavior, memory impairment, and increased seizure susceptibility in the offspring.

Crack users suffer the effects of cocaine present in the drug and the action of other active compounds from its pyrolysis. An emergent fact is an increase in the number of pregnant crack cocaine users. Studies suggest that crack cocaine and its metabolites cross the placenta, promoting premature birth, fever, irritability, sweating, and seizures in the early months of life. In children, the effects of crack cocaine have been associated with cognitive deficits, difficulty in verbalization, aggressiveness, and depression, besides enhancing the susceptibility to epileptic seizures, including status epilepticus (SE) in adulthood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of maternal exposure to smoke crack cocaine on several behavioral parameters in the offspring during adulthood. A series of behavioral tests and intrahippocampal pilocarpine (H-PILO) microinjection at sub-convulsive and convulsive doses in a rat model demonstrated that exposure to crack cocaine during the embryonic period leads to anxiogenic-like behavior and long-term memory impairment in both genders and promotes depressive-like behavior in the female. Besides, crack cocaine offspring exposed to a sub-convulsive H-PILO dose showed higher susceptibility to SE, increased seizure frequency, and neurodegeneration, while animals that received a convulsive dose of H-PILO displayed no alteration in SE severity. Taken together, our data suggest that crack cocaine exposure during the gestational period leads to an increased predilection for anxiety and depression, long-term memory deficits, and reduction in the threshold for developing epileptic seizures associated with neuronal death, which predispose crack cocaine babies to develop neuropsychological disorders.